5.【2019·新课标II卷·短文改错】Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do.
【答案】job改为jobs
【解析】考查名词的数。“job（工作；职业）”为可数名词，用different（不同的）修饰时意思为不同种类的工作，应该用名词的复数形式。故将job改为jobs。
2.（2018·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).
【答案】causes
【解析】考查单复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
3.（2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错）Last winter when I went here（改为there） again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
【答案】chicken改为chickens
【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。
4.（2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract)... The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 70(the) other is with mum — she never suspects.
61.【答案】attraction
【解析】考查名词。 形容词top后面跟名词形式。
69.【答案】days
【解析】考查名词复数。few修饰复数名词。
考向二 不可数名词具体化
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词 |
抽象名词意义 |
具体化名词意义 |
success |
成功 |
成功的人或事 |
pleasure |
乐趣 |
令人高兴的事 |
beauty |
美；美丽 |
美丽的人或事物 |
comfort |
安慰；慰藉 |
令人感到安慰的人或事物 |
danger |
危险 |
危险的人或因素 |
delight |
高兴 |
令人高兴的事 |
failure |
失败 |
失败的人或事物 |
surprise |
惊奇 |
令人惊奇的事情 |
shock |
震惊 |
令人震惊的事情 |
pride |
骄傲 |
令人骄傲的事情 |
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料 coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡 chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
考向三 名词所有格
(1)－’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber’s在理发店
at the teacher’s在老师办公室
(2)of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the content of the novel小说的内容
the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字
(3)双重所有格
指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。
a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
1. （2018·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night.
【答案】Friday’s改为Friday。
【解析】考查名词的格。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示“星期五晚上”，并不是所有关系，故把Friday’s改为Friday。
2.The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _________ walk.
A. a four hour B. a four hour’s C. a four-hours D. a four hours’
【答案】D
【解析】’s属格除了用在表示有生命的东西（人或物）的名词后，有时还用于某些无生命的名词（如表示时间的名词）后，一般是在名词词尾加’s，如果该名词词尾已有-s或-es，则是在其后加"‘ "。故选D。
考向四 名词的语法功能
1.作主语
The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。
His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。
2.作宾语
（1）作及物动词的直接宾语
I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。
Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？
（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。
I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。
She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。
（3）作介词的宾语。
After 20 years’ traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。
Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？
3.作表语
It’s a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。
She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。
4.作宾语的补足语
They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）
The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。
5.作定语
（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。
college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛
Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！
He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。
（2）名词所有格作定语。
students’ books学生用书
China’s capital中国的首都
the world’s population世界人口
（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语
man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。
There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。
（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语
某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。
arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales department营业部 a goods train货车
savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系
（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。
Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部
（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。
a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)
（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。
women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机
girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友
mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头
（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性
gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)
6.作状语
时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。
The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里
Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。
专题五 疑难名词比较与辨析
1.force; energy; strength; power
force表示＂力、力量＂的意思。指为做或实现某事而实际运用的力量。
He overcame his bad habits by force of will.毅力使他克服了自己身上的不良习惯。
Those people are the progressive forces in the society. 这些人是社会的进步力量。
energy主要强调＂精力＂，指用来做某事或完成某事的能力。还可以指＂能源＂。
Young people usually have more energy than the old. 青年人通常此老年人精力充沛。
Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of energy. 很多国家正在提高天然气、风以及其他能源形式的利用。
strength表示＂力＂的意思。指做事情的--种内在能力。就人而育，着重指力气；就物而言，着重指强度潜力等。
He lifted the stone with all his strength.他使出全身力气举起了那块石头。
The side man hasn’t got enough strength to get out of bed. 那位病人还没有足够的力气下床。
power 表示 ＂能力、能量、动力＂的意思。指身体上、心理上和道德上的能力(不管是否发挥出)。
Knowledge is power.知识就是力 量。
I shall do everything in my power to help you.我将尽我的能力帮助你。
2.manner; means; method; way
manner表示＂方式、方法＂的意思。指个人喜欢采用的方式。
The manner of their meeting makes a good story. 他们相见的方式似乎有些传奇色彩。
He has developed his own manner of acting. 它形成了自己独特的演出风格。
means表示＂方法、手段 、工具＂的意思。
Students sometimes support themselves by means of evening job. 学生有时通过晚上打工的方法来养活自己。
The quickest means of travel is by plane.最快的旅行工具是飞机。
Have you the means to support a family? 你有维持家的方法没有?
method指做某事的具体步骤或程序，也指系统的、抽象概念的原理。
His idea is all right, but he lacks method.他的想法不错，但是缺少方法。
He is a man of method.他是个有条理的人。
method of teaching 教学方法 method of study 学习方法
Roasting is one method of cooking meat. 烤是做肉的一种方法。
way是最通用的词，也是最不正式的词，本义是＂通道、通路＂，引申作＂方式、方法＂讲，含义很广。
In this way over several days, the artist and his mice became friends. 就这样过了几天，这位艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。
Look ! Work on it in this way. 看!像这样搞它。
My parents always let me have my own way of living.
At the meeting they discussed three different _______ to the study of mathematics。
A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways
【答案】D。
【解析】在会议上他们讨论了三种不同的学习数学的方法。way意为“方式，方法”，可指具体的方法，也可指抽象的方法，多指一般的思想、行动、办事的方法，也可指个人特殊的方式、方法。approach意为“接近，靠近，方式，方法”，指接近某人或某事，也可指对待或处理事情的方式或方法。mean意为“方式，方法”，用于抽象意义，可指为达到某一目的而采用的方法、计划、政策、策略等，尤指整套方法;用于具体意义，常指为达到某一目的所使用的工具、材料、机器、 用具、车船等。method意为“方式，方法”，指具体的、系统的、有步骤的方法，强调条理性及高效率。
3.cost; price; value; worth; expense
cost表示＂成本、费用＂的意思。 原指生产某种物品的成本 ，包括生产中所支付的原料和劳动。一般要低于售价，有时也可用来泛指价格。也可用于借喻，指所付出的代价，甚至生命。
As a result, costs will be reduced by as much as 90%. 因此，成本将会降低90% 之多。
China Daily has plenty of advertisements, which help to cut the costs of making the newspaper. 《中国日报》刊登大量广告有助于降低报纸生产的成本。
price表示＂价格、价钱、定价＂的意思。 指经营商品出售的单价，通常要高于商品的出厂成本。也用于借喻，指做某事所付出的代价。
Can you try to get them to bring down the price? 你能把价格讲下来吗?
They can sell their beef at a high price in the capital. 他们可以在首都以高价出售他们的牛肉。
value表示＂价值、价格＂。指我们所估计一件东西的价值，因此是不能 以金钱估价的。
Instead, they are writing once more about things that are common for everyone: feeling alone in the modern world, the value of having good friends and so on. 他们现在再一次写常人常事——现代世界中的孤独感及交好朋友的价值等等。
The park is good value for the money.公园花这么多钱值得。
worth意思是价值。指东西本身的真正价值，是经久不变的，是可贵的。
It was worth five hundred francs at the most.它最多值500法郎。
He asked me how much this computer was worth. 他问我这台计算机值多少钱。
expense意思是＂费用、支出、开销＂，指花费金钱、时间和精力。
We travelled to France at our own expense. 我们自费去法国旅行了。
Do you know at whose expense your visit to Japan will be?你 知道谁将担负你访问日本的费用吗?
4.land; ground; soil; earth
land表示＂陆地、土地、地＂，是河流和海洋的相对用语。用于指土地或土壤时，着重指它的性质、用途等。有时泛指大地，也可作＂国家、地产＂讲。
The rocky soil has been turned into rich land.岩石地已变成了沃土。
But some people don’t want good farm land to be built on. 但是有些人不愿意把好的农田用来修建厂房。
To the sea captain’s surprise, he found that land travel could also be quite pleasant. 使那位船长吃惊的是，他发现陆地旅行也很愉快。
ground(n. )表示＂地、土地＂的意思。主要指大地表面，也可以指土壤、场地。也可用于借喻指＂根据、理由＂。
He learnt how to clean rough ground before planting crops. 他学会了在种植作物之前如何拾掇毛糙的土地。
Then the Class 2 runner dropped his stick on the ground when he was passing it on to the fourth runner.然而，当二班运动员传给第四棒时，接力棒掉在地上了。
soil表示＂土壤、土地＂，指可以生长植物且富有有机物的沃土，宜于农耕。
When the plants are in the ground, I’ll put some powder on the soil.当植物种到地里时，我将给地里撒些粉剂。
He studied how to improve soil conditions.他研究如何改善土壤环境。
earth表示＂地、地球、泥土＂，着重指＂大地＂，以别于天空。作＂泥土＂解时，常用于以别于坚硬的岩石。
Later, in a few weeks’ time I’ll put the little plants in the earth. 几星期后，我将把小植物埋在泥土里。
5.practice; exercise; training; drill
practice; exercise; training; drill都表示＂练习、训练＂的意思。
training表示＂训练、培养、教练、锻炼＂的意思。一般指对于身体的锻炼、对动物的训练、对士兵的训练等。
These football players had no strict training until they joined our club.这些足球队员直到加入我们俱乐部才受到严格的训练。
The athlete is in training.这个运动员锻炼得好。
The home training of children is the first class social problem. 儿童的家庭教育是社会的头等问题。
exercise主要指为提高技巧或业务水平而规定的＂练习或体格锻炼＂。
The book contains a series of graded exercises adapted to the use of beginners. 书中有一系列按难易排列的练习适于初学者应用。
You need more outdoor exercise.你需要多进行户外运动。
practice主要指正规的、有条理的、不断反复的 ＂练习＂或把理论道理贯彻在行动中的 ＂实践＂。
More practice will make you speak with greater fluency. 多练习会使你口语更流利。
The integration of theory and practice is one of the basic points of Marxism. 理论和实践的统一是马克思主义的基本论点之一。
drill表示＂操练、训练＂的意思。一般指严格的训练或反反复复练习或军事上的练兵。
Let’s do some pattern drills.咱们做些句型练习吧。
The soldiers were at drill in the barrack yard.士兵们在营场上操练。
6.sign; signal; mark; symbol
sign表示 ＂符号、记号、招牌＂等意思。是最普通的用语，指一个具有公认意义的、简单的、随意制定的代表物。
Letters are signs used to represent sounds.字母是用来代表声音的符号。
You’ll see the sign for the rest rooms.你将看到休息室的指示牌。
signal表示 ＂暗号、信号＂的意思。有时是有意的;有时是无意的。有意的，如强风讯号、求救信号等。
There the electrical signal is changed back into sound. 在那儿电信号又变成声音。
mark表示 ＂痕迹、记号、商标、特征、分数＂的意思。指印在物品上的记号，可用在好坏两个方面。作动词时，表示＂标明、作记号＂的意思。
He got full marks in his maths test. 他在数学测试中得了满分。
Each stone was marked with a number. 每个石头上都标明号码。
symbol表示 ＂象征＂的意思，特别强调故意用来包含某一特定意义的东西，或故意构成的传达某一特定意义的事物。
a good luck symbol 好运气的象征
The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a symbol of courage and power. 狮子被看作百兽之王，是因为它是勇气与权利的象征。
1. （2018·天津卷·单项填空）The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
A. advice B. order
C. possibility D. invitation
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D. invitation邀请。故选C。
2. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don’t give you any direct________.
A. solution B. target C. measure D. function
【答案】A
【解析】 句意：学校顾问会帮你梳理一下你的问题，但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决办法。本题考查名词辨析。solution 解决问题的办法；target目标，靶子；measure措施；function功能，作用。根据句意可知选A。
3.（2017年新课标I卷完形填空）Before the school year 47 (ended) ,I gave the kids a special 48 , T-shirts with the words “Verbs Are Your 49 ” on them. I had advised the kids that while verbs（动词）may seem dull ,most of the 50(fun) things they do.
48.A.lesson B. gift C. report D. message
49. A. Friends B. Awards C. Masters D. Tasks
48.【答案】B
【解析】考查名词辨析，A.lesson课，教训， B.gift礼物， C.report 报告，D.message信息，根据后文可知作者送给Freddy一件衬衫，即一个特殊的礼物，故选B。
49.【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。A.Friends 朋友，B.Awards奖， C.Masters 主人，D.Tasks任务。衬衫上写着“动词是你的朋友”，故选A。
4. （2017年北京卷完形填空）… In the more than five years since Hannah began her activities, she has received a lot of 51 .For example, she received the 2007 BRICK Award recognizing the 52 of young people to change the world….
51. A. praises B. invitations C. replies D. appointments
52. A. needs B. interests C. dreams D. efforts
51.【答案】A
【解析】考查名词。A. praises赞美B. invitations邀请C. replies回复D. appointments约会。她收到了很多的赞美。因为下文有这方面的举例，给她颁奖，故答案为A。
52. 【答案】D
【解析】考查名词。A. needs 需要 B. interests 兴趣C. dreams梦想D. efforts努力。此处是指这个奖项是为了认可年轻人改变这个世界所作出的努力，根据句意可知选D。
5 The accident caused some ________ to my car，but it’s nothing serious.
A. harm B. injury C. ruin D. damage
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词。damage指使用价值遭到损坏， 这种损坏是部分性的，不是完全，根据语境＂it is nothing serious＂所以选D。harm指肉体上或精神上的伤害。injury指人在事故中受伤。ruin 多用于借喻之中，经常指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。
题组一（真题在线）
1.（2019·江苏）Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.
A. priority B. potential C. proportion D. pension
2.（2019·天津）We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways.
A. statement B. impact
C. impression D. judgment
3.（2018·江苏）Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made.
A. assignment B. association
C. acquisition D. assumption
4.（2016·天津）The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _____ of rain later tonight.
A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance
5.（2016·江苏） — Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?
— Living every day to the full, definitely.
A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt
6. （2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
7.（2015·湖北）He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out the secret task.
A. emotion B. talent C. identity D. treasure
8.（2015·安徽）There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ______ and then let me know.
A. thought B. support C. protection D. authority
9.（2015·江苏）—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.
—I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my ______ .
A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets
10.（2015·江苏）Some schools will have to make ______ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements
题组二
1.（2015·福建）The failure was a big __________to him, but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.
A. blow B. issue C. excuse D. Factor
2.（2015·浙江）One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.
A. production B. stress C. energy D. passive
3.It is believed that very little _____has been made of the waste materials from factories in the past decades, which on the contrary has brought pollution to the environment.
A. cost B. use C. value D. action
4.England is a multicultural society and welcomes a variety of cultures which add a __________ to our daily lives.
A. collision B. dimension C. dilemma D. privilege
5.Lots of campaigns have occurred in China to defend the Nansha Islands recently. What is your _________ of the situation?
A. intention B. assessment C. attitude D. appointment
6.My morning ________ includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.
A. drill B. action C. regulation D. routine
7.Harry has been out of work for six months, so he has difficulty __________.
A. earning livings B. earning his living
C.to earn livings D.to earn his living
8.The role will be the biggest __________of his acting career.
A. conclusion B. challenge C. explanation D. approach
9.Finding the window was broken, he asked whose __________it was.
A. mistake B. error C. fault D. responsibility
10.She does exercise every morning to keep her __________.
A. figure B. nature C. image D. character
题组三
语篇填空
A strong memory depends 1 the health and vitality(活力)of your brain. Humans are 2 (high) social animals, so relationships stimulate(刺激)our brains — in fact, interacting with 3 may be the best brain exercise.
Having 4 (mean) relationships is not only vital to emotional health, but also to brain health. In one recent study from the Harvard School of Public Health, for example, researchers found that people with the most active social life had the 5 (slow) rate of memory deterioration.
And moreover, you’ve heard that laughter is the best medicine for the brain as 6 as the body. As psychologist Daniel 7 (note)in his book Emotional Intelligence, "Laughter seems to help people think more broadly and associate more freely."
When you hear laughter, move toward it. Most of the time, people are very happy 8 (share) something funny because it gives them an opportunity to laugh together.
Please spend time with those 9 laugh easily — both at themselves and at life’s humorous events. Surround yourself with reminders to lighten up. Keep 10 toy on your desk or in your car. Put up a funny poster in your office. Choose a computer screen saver that makes you laugh.